Outdoor solar energy in the courtyard is very bright

In this regard, the construction of courtyards is an effective sustainable strategy to control the microclimate and the energy consumption of buildings. In the late 1960s, Martin and March studied six urban block forms at Cambridge University.

Courtyards have been used in hot climates for many centuries . This sustainable design strategy collects the cool air during the night and provides shade in the daytime . The heat mitigation is efficient for indoor thermal comfort. In this section, the articles concerned with the indoor condition approach have been reviewed. 4.1. Solar gain

Many parametric studies have been performed on the effects of courtyard proportion and form on energy consumption, . In a hot and arid climate, courtyards allow radiation fluxes to ascent into the sky at night . This universal form provides ideal indoor conditions, especially in such zones.

Although the courtyards are considered as an efficient solution to improve thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption by regulating the microclimate,, they are facing enormous challenges in meeting the increasing comfort demands of the occupants,, .

In another study, Chatzidimitrio and Yannas concluded that ground floor openings cause airflow and temperature changes in the summer and allow the flow of cold air in the winter. Thus, they showed that the thermal function of the enclosed courtyard is better than courtyards with openings.

Che, Cao, Shi and Yu found that the air temperature in the courtyard in winter can be increased by 20% with the top closed skylight, and in the summer, the skylight can be opened to reduce the average temperature by 1.2 ℃.